Reenforced paper and process and machine to be employed in the manufacture of the same



. p 1931- J. w. MARSHALL 1,821,067 REENFORCED PAPER AND PROCESS AND MACHINE TO BE EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE SAME Filed Sept. 8 1925 Patented Sept. 1, 1931 TES FFICE PATENT JOHN W; MARSEALL DECEASEI), LATE OF NEW YORK, N. Y., BY FRED J. SEAMAN AND RALPH HASTINGS, ADMINISTRATORS, BOTH OF TUPPER LAKE, NEW YORK, AS- SIGNORS TO HELEN HOOD MARSHALL, OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND BEENFORCEb-PAPER Anp rnoonss AND MACHINE TO BE nrrrrovnn IN THE mm:-

' 1 FACTURE or" THE SAME Application filed September This invention relates to paper for use in a binder or holder of the looseleaf type, to a 'processof making such paper, and to a machine fonuse in carrying out the process.

In the looseleaf binders most commonly in commercial use at the present time, the binder is provided with a series of rings or pins arranged to pass through perforations in the sheets placed in the binder to hold the sheets *1 in place. Where sheets are employed for such binders which are not reenforced at a' point where the rings or pins pass through the sheets a great deal of trouble is-caused by the fact that the rings or pins tear through the edges of the sheets and become disconnected from the binder. To avoid this difficulty the edges of the sheets have been reenforced by cloth, paper and other reenforcing material attached to the edges of the sheet. The reenforcing materials heretofore I employed increased considerably the thickused in a binder.

ness of the sheets and therefore have greatly reduced the number of sheets which can be These prior reenforcing materials have also been of such a character and have been so applied to the sheets that the making of the same and attaching of them to the paper has greatly increased the cost of manufacture of the sheets.

One of the principal obj ects of the present invention is toproduce a paper for use in the manufacture of sheets for looseleaf bindcreased at the forcing. 7 Another object of ture overthat of paper without such reenthe invention is to produce a novel and improved machine by which 'reenforcing and other materials in liquid form may be rapidly applied at comparatively small expense and in a freliable man- 8, 1925.- Serial'No. 55,006.

ner to a relatively long band or strip of paper.

With these objectsin view, the invention consists inthe reenforced paper, the process of making the same, and a machine for use in carrying out this process involving the novel and improved features hereinafter described and particularly pointed out in the claims;

Certain important features of the invention relate to a process involving treating the 00 paper in" a novel and improved manner preliminary to the application of the reenforcing material to cause the material to penetrate paper. One feature of the invention consists in perforating or lacerating the paper at the point at which the reenforcing material is to be applied, and then applying the reenforcing material in liquid or plastic form so that it will not only cover the surface of the paper, but will pass through the perforations and thus anchor the material securely to the paper.

Another important feature of the invention consists, in applying to the paper, previous to the application of the reenforcing 7 material, a penetrative liquid which is a solvent for the reenforcing material. This liquid willstrike into and impregnate the substance of the paper and when the reenforcing material is applied the said liquid will dissolve at least a considerable part of the recnforcing material and this material will be carried by the liquid into the substance of the paper. Thus, when the paper penetrating solvent and the reenforcing material dry on the paper, the paper will be impregnated to a considerable degree, at least, with the reenforcing material.

The various 'features of the invention will be-clearly understood from the accompanying. drawings illustrating paper made in ac-' cordance with applicants invention and as preferably applied, a machine which may be employed in treating paper in accordance with applicants process as preferably car-' ried out, and the following detailed description of applicants paper, the process of making thesame and the machine illustrated in the drawings.

In the drawingsa Figure l is a view in vertical section of a machine which may be employed in the manufacture of paper in accordance with ap plicants invention; 5

Fig. 2 is a plan view of a portion of the machine;

Fig. 3 is a face view of a band of reenforced paper made in-accordance with the present invention;

Fig. 4 is a face view of a sheet ofreenforced ,paper for u'se'in a looseleaf binder made in terial may be applied to either onev or both sides'of the paper, as desired.- Prior to the application of the reenforcing material to the paper, the paper receives certain preliminary treatment to cause the reenforcing material to form a more secure union with the paper.

As above stated, in order to prepare the paper for the application of the reenforcing material, the paper is preferably perforated or lacerated at the point where the reenforcing materialis to be applied. Thus, when the reenforcing material is applied it will not only forma thin layer or film upon the surface of the paper, but itwill also flow through the perforations, thereby securely anchoring the material to the paper so that it will not readily become detached or separated therefrom. When reenforcing material is applied to both sides of the paper, the portions of the material passing through the perforations will connect the two layers of the material at the surfaces of the paper, thus forming a very secure and reliable union between the reenforcing material and the paper.

In order further to. prepare the paper for the application of the reenforcing material before the reenforcing material is applied. a liquid of the character such that it will strike into the substance of the paper and fill the pores or interstices thereof and that it constitutes a ready solvent for the reenforcing I material is applied to the paper at the point where the reenforcing material is tobe ap plied. When the reenforcingmaterial is then applied at the point where the paper is impregnated with this liquid solvent, a considerable part of the reenforcing material is dissolved by the solvent and is carried into the substance of the paper thereby. Thus when the solvent and the reenforcing material dry on the paper, the paper will have not only and the paper.

Learns? a thin surface covering of the reenforcing material, but the interstices in the paper will be filled t0 aconsiderable degree with this material. In this manner, the amount of the reenforcing material which may be applied to the paper without increasing materially its thickness is greatly increased, thereby increasing the strength of the reenforced portion, and a practically inseparable connection is provided between the reenforcing material Various paper penetratlng liquid solvents may be employed in the present process. The

following compounds in actual practice have been found to give very satisfactory results, and any one of these compounds may be 'em- .ployed with any one of the reenforcing materials or compounds hereinafter specifically described:

1. The compound. obtained through the dry distillation of calcium acetate, 01' that obtained through the dry distillation of barium acetate, or that obtained through the dry distillation of sugar, gum or cellulose.

2. The compound obtained from acetic acid vapor, together with pumice stone and precipitated barium carbonate.

3. The compound prepared by the dry distillation of calcium acetate, purified with quick lime and again distilled from the hydroxide.

In each case the compound is a colorless. transparent and volatile liquid having a pungent, sweetish taste similar to acetum but possessing, at low temperatures, the quality of penetrating paper readily and also constituting a solvent for the reenforcing compound.

As stated above, the reenforcing material is preferablyapplied in liquid or plastic form to the surface of the paper at the point where it is desired to reenforce the-same. and the paper where the reenforcing material is applied is then subjected to heavy pressure between opposed surfaces to form the reenforcing material into a thin film or layer and to force said material into the'substance of the paper. The pressure is preferably applied also in such a manner as to reduce slightly the thickness of the paper at the point where the reenforcing material is applied thereto so that the reenforced portion of the paper will have substantially the same thickne-s as the remainder of the paper. Reenforcimz material is preferably applied to both sides of the paper at the points where it is to be reenforced and two or more layers of the reenforcing material may be applied to each side of the paper to render the same as strong as possible.

The reenforcing compound applied to the paper should be such that it will form, when dry, a tough, flexible film which will adhere strongly to the paper and which willdry with a non-adhesive outer surface so that when the'paper is formed into sheets, the sheets will not tend to adhere. The following compound has these qualities to ,a marked degree and is preferably employed in the present process.

A compound obtained by dissolving a small quantity of camphor in a relatively large amount of pyroxylin. The camphor and pyroxylin are heated together to the melting point of camphor thereby forming a plastic compound. This compound is reduced to the consistency of ordinary mucilage by the addition of a suflicient quantity of methyl alcohol in which the compound is readily soluble.

The following. compounds also have in actual practice been found to give good results:

1. A compound formed from equal parts of gum arabic and gum tragacanth with the addition of a small amount of dextrin, all dissolved in water to which is added sufficient methyl alcohol to reduce the solution to the consistency of ordinary mucilagc.

2. A compound consisting of one part of. India rubber dissolved in naptha and two parts of fish glue dissolved in water to which is added methyl alcohol in suilieient quantity to reduce the compound to the consistency of mucilage.

In order further to increase the strength of the paper at the point where it is tobe reinforced, a filament such as a thread or a fine wire is laid'uponj the surface of the paper and is attached thereto by the reenforcing material. This filament may he laid on the paper at substantially the same time that the reenforcing material is applied thereto and may be pressed into the paper and-embedded 1n the layer of reenforcing material by the pressure to which this paper is subjected after the application of the reenforcing material thereto. A filament formed of untwilled silk or other suitable material has been found in actual practice to give very satisfactory results inasmuch as the untwilled filament may be readily flattened by the pressure applied and covered by the thin layer of reenforcing material. In applying a filament to each side of the paper, the filaments are preferably not arranged opposite each other but are lo cated in adjacent and parallel positions on the opposite sides of the paper.

Fig. 3 of the drawings illustrates the manner in which the reenforciug compound may be applied in a strip to a band of paper. shownjn this figure, the reenforcing material is applied along the central line of the band 1 of paper, the reenforcing material being mdicated at 2 and the filamentsv at 3. The reeni'orcing material is applied in a strip double the width required for the edge of a sheet to be inserted in a binder, and two filaments are applied to the paper upon opposite sides of the central line of the paper hand. When the reenforcing material and filaments are applied in this manner, sheets for insertion in a binder may be cut from the band upon opposite sides of the central line thereof,'as indicated in dot and dash lines in this figure, so that the rcenforcing material will occupy the back margin of a sheet and the filaments will be adjacent the corresponding edge of the sheet allowing the holes for the insertion of the rings or pro'ections on the binder to be formed inside the laments in the reenforced portion of the sheet'as shown in Fig. 4;

Figs. 4 and 5 show a sheet of paper indicated at 4 having a layer 5 of reenforcing material applied to each side of the sheet adjacent one of the edges of the sheet. As shown in these figures, two filaments 6 are secured to the sheet upon opposite "sides thereof by the layers of reenforcing material, the filaments being partially embedded in the layer of reenforcing material. As shown in Fig. 5, the layers of reenforcing material at the opposite sides of the sheet are connected by portion 7 of said material passing through the perforations in the paper. The paper also has been slightly reduced in thickness by the pressure applied thereto, the surfaces of the paper at the point where the reenforcing material is applied being indicated at 8. The reenforcing material not only covers the surface of the paper, but has been carried into the substance ofthe paper by the penetrative solvent, the inner line of penetration of the reenforciug material being indicated at 9.

The present process of reeuforcing paper is well adapted to be carried out in a continuous manner upon a relatively long band of paper, thus enabling the paper to be treated rapidly and at a omparati ely small expense. Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings show the ma chine foruse in treating a relatively long strip or band of paper continuously in accordance with the present process, the paper to be treated being drawn from a roll and after being treated being wound upon a second roll. In the machine illustrated, the paper to be treated indicated at P is wound upon a roll 12 mounted in hearings on the frame of the machine and passes from the roll 12 over a guide roll 14 onto the forward section of a table 16. After passing onto the surface of the'table 16, the paper-passes between two rolls 18 and 20 by which lacerations or perforations are formed in the paper at the point at which the reenforcing material is to be applied thereto, these rolls having suitably formed surfaces to perforate or lacerate the paper. In the construction shown, the roller 20 is provided with a series of pins for perforating the paper, the roll 18 having openings to receive the pins.

After emerging from between the roller 18' and 20, the paper passes beneath a tank 22' from which a suitable penetrative liquid constituting a solvent for the reenforcing material is discharged upon the paper. This tank 22 rests upon a cross. bar24v extending across the machine and having a slot through which projects a pipe 26 connected with the tank. The liquid solvent is. applied to the paper by means of a wick 28 mounted in the pipe 26 and projecting therefrom at its lower end so as to contact with the paper, as clearly shown in the drawings.

The paper passes from beneath the wick 28 over a section of the table 16,-beneath the lower end of a pipe 30 connected with a tank 32 through which a reenforcing liquid is discharged upon the upper surface of the paper. The lower end of the'discharge pipe 30 is bent so asto apply the reenforcing liquid to the paper close to the point of contact with the paper of the upper of a pair of pressure rolls 34 arranged to engage opposite sides of the-paper at the point where the reenforcing material is applied to subject the same to a comparatively,.heavy pressure. As shown in the drawings, the lower pressure roll is mounted in fixed bearings and theupper roll is mounted upona lever 36 pivoted at 38, to which is connected a threaded rod 40, having-threaded thereon a nut 42 mounted in a bearing on the frame! By rotation of the nut 42 the pressure of the upper roll 34 on the paper may be readily adjusted as desired.

As the reenforcing material mingles with the liquid solvent a considerable amount ofthe said material is carried by the solvent into the substance or body of the paper.

A filament is laid upon the paper at the point at which the pressure roll 34 engages the paper. Thisfilament, indicated at F is drawn from a roll 44 through a perforation in a guide plate 46 and is passed partially about and under the upper pressure rolls 34, as clearly shown in the drawings.

By the engagement of the pressure rolls with the paper, the reenforcing material is spread out to form a thin layer and is forced into the substance of the paper and the paper itself is slightly reduced in thickness so that the application of the film 'to the paper produces substantially no increase in the thickness of the sheet at the point where the reenforcing film is applied. The pressure rolls also press the filament into the paper and cause the embedding of the same in the film of reenfor'cing material in a reliable manner.

Immediately after the paper emerges from between the pressure rolls34, a blast of air is delivered from a nozzle 48 upon the paper at the point where the reenforcing material has been applied. This blast of air, which is pref erably cold, causes the rapid vaporization of the volatile ingredients in the reenforcing compound and renders the same non-viscous. The nozzle, 48 is connected by suitable pipes 50 with a fan 52.

This completes the application of a single film of reenforcing material to one side or surface of the paper. The paper passes from beneath the air blast nozzle 38 over a section of the table 16, beneath a pipe 54, connected with a tank'56, which discharges a second layer of reenforcing material upon the upper surface of the paper after whichthe paper passes between the pressure rolls 58 and beneath an air blast nozzle 60 connected with one of the series of pipes 50 leading from the fan.

The paper, after leaving this set of .devices for applying the second film of reenforcing material thereto, passes over a section of the table 16, under a' guide roll 62 and then upwardly to the upper part of the machine over a guide roll 65 and onto a section of a table 67. While the paper is passing through the upper part of the machine 2 coatings of reenforcing material are applied to the side of the paper opposite that to which the first two coatings are applied. Before the first of these coatings of reenforcing material is applied to the paper, the penetrative liquid constituting a solvent for the reenforcing material is applied to the paper by a wick 66 mounted in a tube connected with a receptacle or tank 68 suitably supported on the frame. After the liquid solventis applied, the paper passesbeneath a pipe 70 connected with a tank 72 which delivers reeni'orcing material on the surface of the paper and the paper then passes between pressure rolls 74 and under an air blast nozzle 76, connected with one of the air pipes 50, these devices applying a layer of reenforcing material to the paper and drying the surface of the same. At this point'a filament is drawn from a roll 78 and applied to the paper by the upper pressure roll 74. p

After passing. this set of devices for applying reenforcing material to the paper, the paper passes over a section of the table 67 and past a fourth set of these devices. This fourth set of devices comprises a pipe 80 connected with a tank 82 for delivering reenforcing material on the paper, pressure rolls 84, and an air blast nozzle 86 connected with one of the pipes 50.

The last three sets of devices for applying reenforcing material to the paper and the means associated with the third set for applying a filament to the paper have substantially the same construction, arrangement and mode of operation as the first set of devices for applying reenforcing material and the means forapplying a filament to the pa er associated with said first set.

- fter emerging from between the pressure rolls 84, the paper passes over a section of the table 67, between guide rolls 88 and is rolled up on a receiving roll 90.

The perforating roll 20 and the pressure rolls 34 and 58 are driven through suitable gearing connections from. a horizontal countershaft 92, and the pressure rolls 84 and 74 are driven through gearing connections from a similar countershaft 94, The countershafts 92 and 94 are driven respectively through sets of bevcl gears 96 and 98 from a vertical shaft 100. The shaft 100 is driven from a driving motor 102. through bevel gears 104 and 106 connecting the shaft 100 with the motor shaft.

As is wellknown to those skilled in the art, pyroxylin constitutingthe chief ingredient of the first of the above reinforcing compounds, consists of nitro-cellulose or the lower cellulose nitrates. This compound, when applied to paper in the manner described, may be compressed into a very thin surface coating and forced or carried into the Substance of the paper. The compound forms a remarkably tough, flexible elastic reinforcement for the paper which will act to increase many times the strength of a paper sheet to which it is applied. This material also may be applied to the paper in accordance with the present invention at comparatively small cost.

The treating of paper in accordance with the present invention enables paper of comparatively low grade or quality to be successfully employed in looseleaf binders. Even comparatively poor grades of newsprint paper may be given sufiicient strength by the above treatment to enable the same to be used in such binders.

Having'explained the nature and object of the invention and having specifically described the manner in which the invention is preferably applied, what is claimed is:

1. The process of reenforcing paper which comprises applying a penetrative liquid constituting a solvent for the reenforcing material to the paper, then applying a reenforcing material in liquid form over the penetrative solvent, and allowing the reenforcing material to solidify on the paper.

'2. The process of reenforcing paper which comprises applying a penetrative liquid constituting a solvent for the reenforcing material to the paper, applying a reenforcing material to the paper in liquid form, and applying pressure at the point where the reenforcing material is applied.

3. The process of making reenforced paper for loose leaf note books which comprises laying a filament along the surface of writing 'paper, applying a reenforcing material tothe paper over a relatively narrow strip on the surface thereof and over said filament to recnforce the paper and to attach the filament thereto, and subjecting the reenforcing material, filament and paper to compression between opposed surfaces engaging opposite sides of the paper at'the point where the reenforcing material and filament are applied.

4.. The process of making reenforced paper for loose leaf note books which comprises applying to writing paper along a relatively narrowstrip on the surface of the paper a reenforcing material of a character which will form a relatively tough, flexible, nonadhesive coating and in a liquid condition and a filament to the paper so that the filament is held to the paper by the reenforcing material when said material hardens.

5. The process of making reenforced paper for loose leaf note books which comprises applying to writing paper along a relatively narrow strip on the surface thereof a reenforcing material and a filament so that the filament is covered by said material and then applying pressure to the reenforcing material, paper and filament between opposed surfaces engaging-oppositesides of the paper at the point where the material is applied thereto to embed the filament in the reenforcing aterial and force the material into the p per. Y

6.. The process of making reenforced paper for loose leaf note books which comprises laying a filament along the surface of writing paper and applying along a relatively narrow strip and oven said filament, reenforcing material in aj form such that it will flow on the surface of the paper and of a character which will form a tough, flexible, non-adhesive coating toreenforce the paper and attach the filament thereto.

7. Reenforced paper for loose leaf note books comprising a body of writing paper having a thin film of reenforcing material of a character which will form a tough, flexible, non-adhesive coating applied along a relatively narrow strip on the surface of the paper andextending into the interstices in the paper.

8. Reenforce'd paper for loose leaf note books comprising a body of writing paper having a thin film of a character which will form a tough, flexible non-adhesive coating applied along a relatively narrow strip on the surface of the paper, and consisting chiefly of a cellulose compound.

9. Reenforced paper for loose leaf note books comprising a body of writing paper having a series of relatively small perfora-- tending through said perforations and connecting said coatings.

6 meme? 11. Reenforced paper for loose leaf note books, having a body of writing paper, a relatively thin', tough, flexible, non-adhesive film of reenforcing material applied to the paper in a relatively narrow strip andatta'ched to the paper by the adhesion of the material thereto, and a filament extending longitudinally of the strip and embedded in i said film "and secured to the paper hy'said m film in such relation thereto as to permit the openings for the fasteners to be made within said filament.

Signed at Tupper Lake, N. Y., this 21st day ofwAugust, 1925. I

. FRED J. SEAMAN,

RALPH HASTINGS,

Administrators of the Estate of John W" Marshall, Deceased. 

